improved health due to reduced air pollution. This, in turn, enhances the institutional and socio- cultural vintage zz top 52 years thank you for memories signature shirt feasibility of such actions. Reductions of several warming SLCFs are constrained by economic and social feasibility . As they are often
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environmental feasibility than direct CO capture and storage from industry Abanades , although the economic prospects have improved recently . There will be approximately million additional urban residents every year through to the middle part of this century . The majority of these new urban citizens will reside in small and medium-sized cities in low- and middle-income countries Cross-Chapter Box in Chapter . The combination of urbanization and economic and infrastructure development could account for an additional GtCO by Bai . vintage zz top 52 years thank you for memories signature shirt However, urban systems can harness the mega-trends of urbanization, digitalization, financialization and growing sub-national commitment to smart cities, green cities, resilient cities, sustainable cities and adaptive cities, for the type of transformative change required by .-consistent pathways There is a growing number of urban climate responses driven by cost-effectiveness, development, work creation and inclusivity considerations . Adaptation of livestock systems can include a suite of strategies such as using different breeds and their wild relatives to develop a genetic pool resilient to climatic shocks and longer-term temperature shifts , improving fodder and feed management Bell , Havet , and disease prevention and control Skuce , Nguyen . Most interventions that improve the productivity of livestock systems and enhance adaptation to climate changes would also reduce the emissions intensity of food production, with significant co-benefits for rural livelihoods and the security of food supplies Gerber . Whether such reductions in emission intensity result in lower or higher absolute GHG emissions depends on overall demand for livestock products, indicating the relevance of integrating supply-side with demand-side measures within food security objectives Gerber , Bajželj . Transitions in livestock production systems , from extensive to intensive can also result in significant emission reductions as part of broader land-based mitigation strategies Havlik .
Adaptation options can help ensure access to sufficient, quality food. Such options include conservation agriculture, improved livestock management, increasing irrigation efficiency, agroforestry and management of food loss and waste. Complementary adaptation and mitigation options, for example, the use of climate services Section ., bioenergy Section .. and biotechnology Section .. can also serve to reduce emissions intensity and the carbon footprint of food production. Climate change has started to disrupt electricity generation and, if climate change adaptation options are not considered, it is predicted that these disruptions will be lengthier and more frequent Jahandideh-Tehrani , Bartos and Chester, Kraucunas , van Vliet . Adaptation would both secure vulnerable infrastructure and ensure the necessary generation capacity The literature shows high agreement that climate change impacts need to be planned for in the design of any kind of infrastructure, especially in the energy sector , including interdependencies with other sectors that require electricity to function, including water, data, telecommunications and transport . Society-wide transformation involves socio-technical transitions and social-ecological resilience Gillard . Transitional adaptation pathways would need to respond to low-emission energy and economic systems, and the socio-technical transitions for mitigation involve removing barriers in social and institutional processes that could also benefit adaptation Pant , Geels , Ickowitz . In this chapter, transformative change is framed in mitigation around socio-technical transitions, and in adaptation around socio-ecological transitions. In both instances, emphasis is placed on the enabling role of institutions .-consistent pathways and adaptation needs associated with warming of . imply both incremental and rapid, disruptive and transformative changes. Though CO dominates long-term warming, the reduction of warming short-lived climate forcers , such as methane and black carbon, can in the short term contribute significantly to limiting warming to . above pre-industrial levels. Reductions of black carbon and methane would have substantial co-benefits , including
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