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caring about the future vulnerabilities of less developed countries, a concern that is within their charter. The IPCC is a UN-led effort rock band motley crue 40 years thank you for memories signature shirt and is acting on one of their priorities, so it is the UN that the skeptics have to convince. To be noticed by the UN, the skeptics have to attack the ideas about vulnerabilities from climate change, whether

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to the personal situation of individuals and communities, including climate services that are credible and targeted at the point of decision-making, can enable and promote both mitigation and adaptation actions Section … Similarly, multilevel governance and community participation, respectively, can enable and promote both adaptation and mitigation actions Section … Governance, policies and institutions can facilitate the implementation of the water energy food nexus . The WEF nexus can enhance food, water and energy security, particularly in cities with agricultural production areas Biggs , electricity generation with intensive water rock band motley crue 40 years thank you for memories signature shirt requirements , and in agriculture El Gafy , and livelihoods Biggs . Such a nexus approach can reduce the transport energy that is embedded in food value chains Villarroel Walker , providing diverse sources of food in the face of changing climates Tacoli . Urban agriculture, where integrated, can mitigate climate change and support urban flood management Angotti, Bell , Biggs , Gwedla and Shackleton, Lwasa , Yang , Sanesi . In the case of electricity generation, enabling conditions through a combination of carefully selected policy instruments can maximize the synergic benefits between low GHG energy production and water for energy Shang . Despite the multiple benefits of maximizing synergies between mitigation and adaptations options through the WEF nexus approach , there are implementation challenges given institutional complexity, political economy, and interdependencies between actors Leck .

There are significant differences between global mitigation and adaptation governance frames. Mitigation tends to be global by its nature and based on the principle of the climate system as a global commons Ostrom . Adaptation has traditionally been viewed as a local process, involving local authorities, communities, and stakeholders Khan, Preston , although it is now recognized to be a multi-scaled, multi-actor process that transcends scales from local and sub-national to national and international Mimura , UNEP, a. National governments provide a central pivot for coordination, planning, determining policy priorities and distributing resources. National governments are accountable to the international community through international agreements. Yet, many of the impacts of climate change are transboundary, so that bilateral and multilateral cooperation are needed Nalau , Donner , Magnan and Ribera, Tilleard and Ford, Lesnikowski . The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol demonstrates that a global environmental agreement facilitating common but differentiated responsibilities is possible . This was operationalized by developed countries acting first, with developing countries following and benefiting from leap-frogging the trial-and-error stages of innovative technology development. Most CDR options face multiple feasibility constraints, which differ between options, limiting the potential for any single option to sustainably achieve the large-scale deployment required in the .-consistent pathways described in Chapter . Those . pathways typically rely on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage , afforestation and reforestation , or both, to neutralize emissions that are expensive to avoid, or to draw down CO emissions in excess of the carbon budget . Though BECCS and AR may be technically and geophysically feasible, they face partially overlapping yet different constraints related to land use. The land footprint per tonne of CO removed is higher for AR than for BECCS, but given the low levels of current deployment, the speed and scales required for limiting warming to . pose a considerable implementation challenge, even if the issues of public acceptance and absence of economic incentives were to be resolved . The large potential of afforestation and the co-benefits if implemented appropriately , on biodiversity and soil quality will diminish over time, as forests saturate . The energy requirements and economic costs of direct air carbon capture and storage and enhanced weathering remain high .At the local scale, soil carbon sequestration has co-benefits with agriculture and is cost-effective even without climate policy . Its potential feasibility and cost-effectiveness at the global scale appears to be more limited. The skeptics have framed it wrong if they are not talking about the impacts of warming. This is not about scientists being against fossil fuels, although they may come to be because of the evidence. This is about the UN

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