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materials that would isolate CO from the atmosphere for a long time, and in low-cost, low-emission electricity maroon 5 19 years thank you for memories signature shirt that would make the energy use of CO capture more sustainable. The conversion of CO to fuels using zero-emission electricity has a lower technical, economic and

maroon 5 19 years thank you for memories signature shirt

changes in the pattern of general investment behaviour towards low emissions. The report argued that, compared to , annually up to a trillion dollars in additional investment in low-emission energy and energy efficiency measures may be required until Blanco , IEA, a. Financing of . would present an even greater challenge, addressing financing of both existing and new assets, which would require significant transitions to maroon 5 19 years thank you for memories signature shirt the type and structure of financial institutions as well as to the method of financing Cochrani , Ma. Both public and private financial institutions would be needed to contribute to the large resource mobilization needed for ., yet, in the ordinary course of business, these transitions may not be expected. On the one hand, private financial institutions could face scale-up risk, for example, the risks associated with commercialization and scaling up of renewable technologies to accelerate mitigation Wilson, Hartley and Medlock, andor price risk, such as carbon price volatility that carbon markets could face. In contrast, traditional public financial institutions are limited by both structure and instruments, while concessional financing would require taxpayer support for subsidization. Special efforts and innovative approaches would be needed to address these challenges, for example the creation of special institutions that underwrite the value of emission reductions using auctioned price floors Bodnar , to deal with price volatility. A study of European countries showed that the rapid adoption and diffusion of adaptation policymaking is largely driven by internal factors, at the national and sub-national levels Massey .

An assessment of national-level adaptation in countries Berrang-Ford , found good governance to be the one of the strongest predictors of national adaptation policy. An analysis of the climate responses of large and medium-sized cities across eleven European countries found that factors such as membership of climate networks, population size, gross domestic product per capita and adaptive capacity act as drivers of mitigation and adaptation plans Reckien . Solar radiation modification refers to a range of radiation modification measures not related to greenhouse gas mitigation that seek to limit global warming see Chapter , Section … Most methods involve reducing the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching the surface, but others also act on the longwave radiation budget by reducing optical thickness and cloud lifetime see Table .. In the context of this report, SRM is assessed in terms of its potential to limit warming below . in temporary overshoot scenarios as a way to reduce elevated temperatures and associated impacts Irvine , Keith and Irvine, Chen and Xin,  The inherent variability of the climate system would make it difficult to detect the efficacy or side-effects of SRM intervention when deployed in such a temporary scenario Jackson . SRM could reduce some of the global risks of climate change related to temperature rise Izrael , MacMartin , rate of sea level rise Moore , sea-ice loss Berdahl , and frequency of extreme storms in the North Atlantic and heatwaves in Europe Jones . SRM also holds risks of changing precipitation and ozone concentrations and potentially reductions in biodiversity Pitari , Visioni , a; Trisos . Literature only supports SRM as a supplement to deep mitigation, for example in overshoot scenarios Smith and Rasch, MacMartin . BECCS deployment is further constrained by bioenergy’s carbon accounting, land, water and nutrient requirements Section ., its compatibility with other policy goals and limited public acceptance of both bioenergy and CCS Section … Current pathways are believed to have inadequate assumptions on the development of societal support and governance structures . However, removing BECCS and CCS from the portfolio of available options significantly raises modelled mitigation costs Kriegler , Bauer . Whether carbon dioxide utilization can contribute to limiting warming to . depends on the origin of the CO , the source of electricity for converting the CO or regenerating catalysts, and the lifetime of the product. Review studies indicate that CO utilization in industry has a small role to play in limiting warming to . because of the limited potential of reusing CO with currently available technologies and the re-emission of CO when used as a fuel IPCC, b; Mac Dowell . However, new developments could make CCU more feasible, in particular in CO use as a feedstock for carbon-based

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