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both the development and implementation of policy, and in service delivery, bud light beer crocband clog but the extent to which genuine engagement occurs depends very much on circumstances. In particular, the identification

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The challenges for public servants in enabling—and for citizens in experiencing— effective engagement are similar to those encountered in deliberative or participatory democracy settings more broadly. bud light beer crocband clog Advocates of deliberative democracy do not require the dismantling of the mechanisms of representative democracy as they currently exist, but rather the meaningful supplementation of those mechanisms to better involve citizens. They seek a more practical influence upon parliaments and the like through citizens’ engagement in structured deliberative processes. Nor do they have unrealistic expectations about citizens’ commitment to democratic political activity. Collaboration between policymakers and the public demands that both public servants and citizens possess high-level relevant skills and personal attributes.

Sound consultative and participatory methodologies are vital. The Canadian Institute on Governance is frequently cited as a source of advice on these matters, and these methodologies are summarised in Appendix 3. The APSC describes the tackling of wicked problems as ‘an evolving art’ and highlights the need ‘to continue to focus on effectively engaging stakeholders and citizens in understanding the relevant issues and in involving them in identifying possible solutions.’ The bulk of the literature dealing with wicked problems stresses collaborative strategies and adequate time frames—but as the APSC notes, these may incur ‘significant’ transaction costs and will demand skills of collaboration that are ‘in limited supply’. While statements of commitment to engage with citizens can be found throughout all levels of government in Australia, there is considerable variation in the extent to which the rhetoric matches the reality. According to the public policy literature, local, state and territory governments appear to have fared better than national government in engaging citizens in