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In contemplating public comments acquired on the EPA’s use of the W126 publicity index in its choice on a wood bicycle all over printed laundry basket revised secondary standard, the EPA first notes related recommendation and feedback from the CASAC obtained during development of the PA.

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from 2001 by way of 2013 as well as tables for the newest period, . After the three-year W126 index value of 19 ppm-hrs, the next three highest 3-yr average W126 index values, which are the one other such values above 17 ppm-hrs in the 13-12 months dataset, and which also occur in periods prior to now, spherical to 18 ppm-hrs . Additionally, we observe that reductions in the fourth-excessive metric over the thirteen-yr interval analyzed are strongly associated with reductions within the cumulative W126 index (Wells, 2014a, Figure 11, Table 6; Wells, wood bicycle all over printed laundry basket 2015b). Specifically, the regression analysis of adjustments in W126 index between the interval and the interval with modifications within the fourth-excessive metric across the same periods indicates a fairly linear and optimistic relationship between reductions of the two kinds of metrics, with, on common, a change of roughly zero.7 ppm-hr in the W126 index per ppb change in the fourth-excessive metric value. From this data we conclude that W126 exposures above 17 ppm-hrs at websites for which the fourth-high metric is at or under 70 ppb would be anticipated to proceed to be rare in the future, notably as steps are taken to fulfill a 70 ppb normal. Some commenters also raised considerations concerning the sensitivity of vegetation in desert areas the place crops take in ambient air during nighttime rather than daytime, such that little exposure happens from eight a.m. to eight p.m., stating that the W126 index as defined by the EPA to cumulate hourly O3 from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. may lead to an overly stringent exposure stage in areas with such vegetation.

The EPA acknowledges that vegetation, similar to cacti, that generally occur in desert methods exhibit a selected kind of metabolism such that they only open their stomata at night time (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 9-109). We note, however, that few if any O3 exposure research of these species can be found to further inform our characterization of those species’ responses to O3, and we have no foundation on which to conclude that an publicity stage primarily based on the studied species and a daylight exposure metric can be overly or underly stringent in areas where only species utilizing CAM photosynthesis occur. As summarized above, the CASAC recommendation concurred with using an 8am to 8pm diurnal period for the W126 publicity index. Thus, we conclude that for our functions on this review the focus on daylight hours is suitable. properly-characterised results of O3 on vegetation, whereas recognizing associated uncertainties and limitations. We note that totally different ecosystems throughout the U.S. might be anticipated to be of various sensitivities with regard to the results of O3. For instance, giant water our bodies with out vegetation extending above the water’s floor would be anticipated to be much less sensitive than forests of sensitive species. The EPA notes, nonetheless, that the NAAQS are set with applicability to all ambient air within the U.S., such that the secondary O3 commonplace supplies protection in areas across the U.S. no matter web site-particular elements of vegetation sensitivity to O3. In considering the evidence on O3 and associated welfare effects, we recognize variability in sensitivity that may relate to a variety of factors, as discussed within the ISA (U.S. EPA, 2013, section 9.four.eight). This variability is among the many Administrator’s issues in setting the secondary standard for O3 that’s requisite to guard public welfare towards anticipated or identified opposed results.

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