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reproduction and migration. Despite their obvious biological importance, most polynya areas are threatened by extensive tina turner 64 years thank you for the music signature shirt disturbance and possible pollution as a result of proposed offshore petrochemical exploration and year-round shipping with ice-breaking capability. However, we cannot evaluate what the effects of such disruptions might be because to date we have conducted

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larger polar cod than ringed seals, and the larger cod were distributed in deeper water than smaller cod. Thus it appears that the seal species exploit different fractions of the same resource. This chapter discusses the characteristics, taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and ecology of the hooded seal or Cystophora cristata. The hooded seal is a large phocid that is silver-gray in color with irregular black spots covering most of the body; the face is often completely black. Adult males are about . m long and weigh an average of kg; large males can be in excess of kg. Adult females are considerably smaller than males, measuring . m in length and weighing an average of kg. Hooded seal pups are approximately m long when they are born and weigh about kg. They are blue on their backs and silver-gray on their bellies. Hooded seals are pack-ice seals that spend much of the year in association with sea ice. However, they can go on pelagic excursions for many consecutive weeks far from ice-filled waters. During such trips they do not haul out. Hooded seals are deep divers; adult animals can dive to depths of over m and can remain under water for periods of up to almost an hour. Hooded seals are a migratory species with a range that encompasses a large sector of the North Atlantic. They follow an annual movement cycle that keeps them in close association with drifting pack ice most of the time. This chapter discusses the characteristics, taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and ecology of harbor seals . Phoca vitulina and spotted seals . P. largha. tina turner 64 years thank you for the music signature shirt The harbor seal . Phoca vitulina is also widely known as the common seal. It occurs over a great latitudinal range and in many different coastal and insular habitats around the rims of both the North Atlantic and North Pacific regions. Spotted seals . P. largha, in contrast, occur only in seasonally ice-covered seas of the Western Hemisphere These two sibling species are the most closely related members of the subfamily Phocinae and are fascinating examples of adaptations to vastly different environments. Most harbor seals occur in habitats that are sea ice free throughout the year, or at least where their coastal haul-out and rookery sites are clear of sea ice during the breeding season.

Spotted seals, conversely, utilize sea ice during the breeding season. In this context, it is important to distinguish between sea ice and fresh water icebergs calved from tidewater glaciers. Both species are of medium size. In some areas of the North Pacific their distributions overlap. Food web structure and pathways from primary production were studied in pelagic, sympagic ice-associated and benthic communities during summer in a seasonally ice covered region of the northern Barents Sea. Stable isotopes of carbon delta C- and nitrogen delta N- were used as tracers of organic material through marine food webs and trophic levels of organisms, respectively. Measurements of delta N- show that sympagic amphipods occupy the lowest trophic levels ca. , for primary consumers, followed by zooplankton . to , benthic suspension and deposit feeders  The VC values indicate that zooplankton mainly graze on suspended particulate organic material . Sympagic amphipods derive most of their energy from ice POM, but some species had delta C- values indicating that phytoplankton also contributes to their energy intake. delta C- values of some components of the benthic community suggest that POM settling out of the water column is efficiently exploited by the benthic fauna. Elevated delta C- values of the benthic fauna relative to zooplankton at some stations indicate that the degree of pelagic-benthic coupling at stations separated by only km is determined by a combination of factors, including water-mass properties and the primary-production regime. These results may qualify findings of previous studies that have sampled from discrete locations or have pooled specimens collected from a broad area to make conclusions about food webs on a regional scale. Polynyas are areas of open water surrounded by ice. In the Canadian Arctic, the largest and best-known polynya is the North Water. There are also several similar, but smaller, recurring polynyas and shore lead systems. Polynyas appear to be of critical importance to arctic marine birds and mammals for feeding,

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