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To meet global final energy demand growth of by and by , increased use of nuclear power, renewable energy Floral boston red sox mlb summer vacation hawaiian shirt and biomass will be required, it said. Limiting global warming to . degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels requires a cut of – in the use of coal for primary energy by , the United

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first to disambiguate and assess two main rhetorical usages of “just transition.” I argue that legal scholars should recognize it as a term of art that evolved in the labor movement, first known as a “superfund for workers.” In the climate change context, I therefore define a just transition as the principle of easing the burden decarbonization poses to those who depend on high-carbon industries. This definition provides clarity and can help law engage with fields that already recognize just transitions as a labor concept. I argue further that the labor-driven just transition concept is both justified and essential in light of today’s deep political polarization and “jobs-versus-environment” tensions. First, it can incorporate much-needed economic equity considerations into Floral boston red sox mlb summer vacation hawaiian shirt environmental decisionmaking. Second, it can inform a modernized alternative to the environmental law apparatus, which must evolve to transcend disciplines. Third, it offers an avenue for climate reform through coalition-building between labor and environmental interests. I offer guidance for effectuating the principle by synthesizing instances of its embodiment in law in the Trade Act of , the President’s Northwest Forest Plan , the Tobacco Transition Payment Program , and the POWER Initiative , among other examples. Since beginning operations in Central Appalachi coal producers have economically exploited residents and exposed them to severe health risks associated with pollution. Despite causing these problems, the industry enjoys vigorous popular support. Drawing on nine months of immersive ethnography in “Shale County,” this article examines why many Appalachians endorse the coal industry despite its negative externalities. I find that Appalachia’s subordinate relationship to the rest of the nation plays a profound role in conditioning the region’s pro-industry, anti-environmental views. Many Appalachians feel like the federal government neglects them, and like urban Americ devalues them.

Drawing upon Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, I show how the coal industry capitalizes upon these feelings by promoting coal heritage a carefully curated cultural construction that emphasizes selective aspects of Appalachian history while erasing those that challenge its domination. Coal heritage, I show, conveys environmentalism as an attack on Appalachians’ right to economic opportunity, their role in the national division of labor, and their moral worth. It frames industry representatives, on the other hand, as guardians of regional interests and values. To keep global warming within . of pre-industrial levels, there needs to be a substantial decline in the use of coal power by , and in most scenarios, complete cessation by ,. The members of the Powering Past Coal Alliance , launched in at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, are committed to “phasing out existing unabated coal power generation and a moratorium on new coal power generation without operational carbon capture and storage”⁴. The alliance has been hailed as a ‘political watershed’⁵ and a new ‘anti-fossil fuel norm’⁶. Here we estimate that the premature retirement of power plants pledged by PPCA members would cut emissions by . GtCO, which is times less than globally committed emissions from existing coal power plants. We also investigated the prospect of major coal consumers joining the PPCA by systematically comparing members to non-members. PPCA members extract and use less coal and have older power plants, but this alone does not fully explain their pledges to phase out coal power. The members of the alliance are also wealthier and have more transparent and independent governments. Thus, what sets them aside from major coal consumers, such as China and Indi are both lower costs of coal phase-out and a higher capacity to bear these costs. critically important for helping fossil fuel workers transition to new jobs. “One of the key messages that comes out very strongly from this report is that we are already seeing the consequences of degree C of global warming through more extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, among other changes,” said Panmao Zhai, co-chair of the IPCC’s Working Group I, which looks into the physical scientific basis of climate change. The IPPC’s middle-of-road scenario showed that a rapid phase-out of coal will allow oil’s consumption to continue little changed until , beyond which rapid falls would be required.

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