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residents of Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, St. Thomas, Puerto Rico, and the southeast USAdisplaced after Dragon ball z characters summer vacation hawaiian shirt Hurricanes Hugo and Katrina . A survey conducted across parishes ,. counties in Louisiana in revealed that non-displaced households

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the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Mimur N. and Nobuok H. Verification of the Bruun Rule for the estimation of shoreline retreat caused by sea-level rise, Coastal Dynamics , ASCE, . The other countermeasure is stepwise strengthening . As sea-level rise is a gradual and continuous phenomenon, this fact allows us to prepare countermeasures by monitoring the progress of sea-level rise and other changes in wave conditions. This is a kind of adaptive Dragon ball z characters summer vacation hawaiian shirt approach to the maintenance of costal structures. Although such an adaptive approach is not adopted in the Japan’s present guidelines, it seems necessary to formulate such an approach in the maintenance policy to respond to the changing external conditions. The following points were also mentioned. The amount of wave overtopping may increase six times even for a relatively small sea-level rise of cm. As the design weight of amour blocks is proportional to the cube of wave height, it increases significantly even for a slight increase of wave height. Furthermore, sea-level rise reduces the stability of breakwaters by increasing buoyancy and wave forces acting on them. Higher sea-level promotes sea water intrusion into river estuaries and aquifers, causing two further major issues; degradation of freshwater resources, and effects on bearing capacity of the ground. Many studies have been performed to assess these impacts, as summarized in the IPCC AR. In this , the results of these studies will be introduced, focusing on major issues.. Factors related to changes in volume of sea water contained in ocean basins. All these changes would approximately double in magnitude with a temperature increase. River basins dominated by a monsoon regime, such as the Ganges and Nile, are particularly vulnerable to changes in the seasonality of runoff, which may have large and adverse effects on water availability. Changes to the hydrological cycles associated with severe risks of floods and droughts in some regions, which may increase significantly even if annual averages change little. The global oceans have continued to warm, with about percent of the excess heat energy trapped by the increased greenhouse gas concentrations since stored in the oceans as heat. Sea-level rise is likely to be to percent larger in the tropics than the global mean. because stories are engaging, help people visualise problems, see things from different positions, and recognise shared goals Dutra , Elrick-Barr . Māori, indigenous people of New Zealand, use oral history and storytelling to describe their relationship to the coast, which informs how New Zealand responds to SLR Carter, Lawrence . Establishing forums for ongoing public deliberation and social learning; and committing to continual adjustments in face of change Rumore, Susskind . Working with journalists, researchers and local NGOs, was key for villagers to have concerns heard and a solution found for coastal erosion . value of integrating traditional community responses with local government efforts has been demonstrated in Micronesian islands Nunn ,

Cross-scale and cross-domain coordinationBuild vertical and horizontal governance networks and linkages across policy domains and sectors to legitimise decisions, build trust and improve coordination . Develop a dynamic plan, which consists of a basic plan plus contingency actions to be carried out based on observed triggers. Public participation refers to directly involving citizens in decision making processes rather than only indirectly via voting. Citizen participation is commonplace in public decision making that addresses important societal concerns like SLR Sarzynski, Berke and Stevens, Gorddard , Baker and Chapin III, Yusuf , b. Practices sit along a continuum from manipulation to minimal involvement and more empowering and self-determining practices Arnstein, International Association for Public Participation. Public participation draws on a wide variety of tailored engagement processes and practices, from ‘serious games’ to role-play simulations Rumore , and deliberative-analytical engagement Webler . There is limited evidence on the efficiency of retreat responses in the scientific literature. The individual costs associated with displacement after an environmental disaster are difficult to obtain. In the literature, there are limited estimates of the social costs to

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