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Adaptation needs have typically been supported by public sector sources such as national and subnational Dice pineapple dragon dice game summer vacation hawaiian shirt government budgets, and in developing countries together with support from development assistance, multilateral development banks, and United

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or limited overshoot . The challenges from delayed actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions include the risk of cost escalation, lock-in in carbon-emitting infrastructure, stranded assets, and reduced flexibility in future response options in the medium to long term . These may increase uneven distributional impacts between countries at different stages of development . One of the biggest drivers by far is our burning of fossil fuels coal, gas and oil which has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. This, coupled with other activities like clearing land for agriculture, is causing the average Dice pineapple dragon dice game summer vacation hawaiian shirt temperature of our planet to increase. In fact, scientists are as certain of the link between greenhouse gases and global warming as they are of the link between smoking and lung cancer. Characteristics of four illustrative model pathways in relation to global warming of . introduced in ure SPM.a. These pathways were selected to show a range of potential mitigation approaches and vary widely in their projected energy and land use, as well as their assumptions about future socio-economic developments, including economic and population growth, equity and sustainability. A breakdown of the global net anthropogenic CO emissions into the contributions in terms of CO emissions from fossil fuel and industry; agriculture, forestry and other land use ; and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage is shown. AFOLU estimates reported here are not necessarily comparable with countries’ estimates. Further characteristics for each of these pathways are listed below each pathway. These pathways illustrate relative global differences in mitigation strategies, but do not represent central estimates, national strategies, and do not indicate requirements. For comparison, the right-most column shows the interquartile ranges across pathways with no or limited overshoot of correspond to the

pathways assessed in ure SPM.a. The IPCC accepted the invitation in April , deciding to prepare this Special Report on the impacts of global warming of . above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. C… Limiting global warming requires limiting the total cumulative global anthropogenic emissions of CO since the pre-industrial period, that is, staying within a total carbon budget .By the end of , anthropogenic CO emissions since the pre-industrial period are estimated to have reduced the total carbon budget for . by approximately GtCO . The associated remaining budget is being depleted by current emissions of GtCO per year . The choice of the measure of global temperature affects the estimated remaining carbon budget. Using global mean surface air temperature, as in AR, gives an estimate of the remaining carbon budget of GtCO for a probability of limiting warming to ., and GtCO for a probability .Alternatively, using GMST gives estimates of and GtCO, for and probabilities,respectively . Uncertainties in the size of these estimated remaining carbon budgets are substantial and depend on several factors. Uncertainties in the climate response to CO and non-CO emissions contribute GtCO and the level of historic warming contributes GtCO . Potential additional carbon release from future permafrost thawing and methane release from wetlands would reduce budgets by up to GtCO over the course of this century and more thereafter . In addition, the level of non-CO mitigation in the future could alter the remaining carbon budget by GtCO in either direction . D.. Strengthening the capacities for climate action of national and sub-national authorities, civil society, the private sector, indigenous peoples and local communities can support the implementation of ambitious actions implied by limiting global warming to . International cooperation can provide an enabling environment for this to be achieved in all countries and for all people, in the context of sustainable development. International cooperation is a critical enabler for developing countries and vulnerable regions . D… Adaptation finance consistent with global warming of . is difficult to quantify and compare with . Knowledge gaps include insufficient data to calculate specific climate resilience-enhancing investments from the provision of currently underinvested basic infrastructure. Estimates of the costs of adaptation might be lower at global warming of . than for .

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