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afforestation in cleared catchments also has the prospect for water losses. According to the Bureau of Meteorology’s Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, “the country’s -year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with likely to rank in the top two warmest -year periods on record for Australi at . . °F above the long-term average”. Furthermore, was Australia’s third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in . The period from to was exceptionally dry, with only having Australia-wide rainfall above the long-term mean and the Australia-wide average rainfall for these seventeen years being to per cent below that for other periods since . This dry period is attributed in some sources to a weakening of the Southern Oscillation and in others to reduced sea surface temperatures. Temperatures in these three periods were generally cooler than they are currently, with having the coolest minima of any year since . However, the dry years of the s and s were also often quite warm, with and having particularly high maxima. A drying of the Darth vader anakin skywalker star wars hawaiian shirt climate took place from to , though with some interruptions from wet El Niño years, especially between and early and in , when the wheat belt of the southern interior was drenched by its heaviest winter rains on record. Two major El Niño events in and produced the two driest years across the whole continent, whilst was similarly dry in the eastern States apart from the Gippsland. Warmer temperatures also extend the growing season. This means that plants need more water to keep growing throughout the season or they will dry out, increasing the risk of failed crops and wildfires. Once the growing season ends, shorter, milder winters fail to kill dormant insects, increasing the risk of large, damaging infestations in subsequent seasons. The higher estimates are made on the assumption that the entire world will continue using more and more fossil fuel per capit a scenario scientists call “business-as-usual.”
More modest estimates come from scenarios in which environmentally friendly technologies such as fuel cells, solar panels, and wind energy replace much of today’s fossil fuel combustion. High cold clouds, however, form in a part of the atmosphere where energy-absorbing water vapor is scarce. These clouds trap energy coming from the lower atmosphere, and emit little energy to space because of their frigid temperatures. In a world with high clouds, a significant amount of energy that would otherwise escape to space is captured in the atmosphere. As a result, global temperatures are higher than in a world without high clouds. Clouds, like greenhouse gases, also absorb and re-emit infrared energy. Low, warm clouds emit more energy than high, cold clouds. However, in many parts of the world, energy emitted by low clouds can be absorbed by the abundant water vapor above them. Further, low clouds often have nearly the same temperatures as the Earth’s surface, and so emit similar amounts of infrared energy. In a world without low clouds, the amount of emitted infrared energy escaping to space would not be too different from a world with low clouds. What has scientists concerned now is that over the past years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about , carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly percent as of and methane levels have increased percent. How does this warming compare to previous changes in Earth’s climate? How can we be certain that human-released greenhouse gases are causing the warming? How much more will the Earth warm? How will Earth respond? Answering these questions is perhaps the most significant scientific challenge of our time. This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science. For the Alps this is a serious problem. Tourism is growing there, while the region’s population is rising. Managing and protecting these people was now an issue that needed to be addressed as a matter of urgency, Knight said. “Global warming is not just a matter of warmer weather, more floods or stronger hurricanes. It is a wake-up call to Terra Firm” McGuire said. CareersOur team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the
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