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Supplementary Material .SM.. provides examples of synergies and trade-offs of adaptation options for mitigation. It shows, for example, that conservation agriculture can reduce some GHG emissions and thus enhance mitigation, but at the same time can increase other GHG emissions, thereby reducing mitigation potential. As another example, agroforestry can reduce GHG emissions through reduced deforestation and fossil fuel consumption but has a lower carbon sequestration potential compared with natural and secondary forest. The bulk of these investments are in renewable energy, energy efficiency and low-emission transport , chicago bulls michael jordan the last dance the goat signature shirt with only for adaptation . One major question is whether individual strategies based on improved climate-related information alone will enable the financial system to allocate capital in an optimal way since climate change is a systemic risk CISL, Schoenmaker and van Tilburg. Public support is higher when individuals trust responsible parties Perlaviciute and Steg, Drews and Van den Bergh. Yet, public support for multilateral climate policy is not higher than for unilateral policy ; public support for unilateral, non-reciprocal climate policy is rather strong and robust Bernauer , b. Public opposition may result from a culturally valued landscape being affected by adaptation or mitigation options, such as renewable energy development Warren , Devine-wright and Howes, or coastal protection measures , particularly when people have formed strong emotional bonds with the place Devine-Wright, . Strategies can target intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. It may be particularly important to enhance intrinsic motivation so that people voluntarily engage in climate action over and again . Endorsement of mitigation and adaptation actions are positively related Brügger , Carrico , both are positively related to concern about climate change Brügger .
Strategies that target general antecedents that affect a wide range of actions, such as values, identities, worldviews, climate change beliefs, awareness of the climate impacts of one’s actions, and feelings of responsibility to act on climate change, can encourage consistent actions on climate change van Der Werff and . Initial climate actions can lead to further commitment to climate action Juhl , when people learn that such actions are easy and effective Lauren , when they engaged in the initial behaviour for environmental reasons Peters , hold strong pro-environmental values and norms and when initial actions make them realise they are an environmentally sensitive person, motivating them to act on climate change in subsequent situations so as to be consistent van der . Yet some studies suggest that people may feel licensed not to engage in further mitigation actions when they believe they have already done their part Truelove . Adaptation initiatives by individuals may temporarily reduce the impacts of climate change and enable residents to cope with changing environmental circumstances. However, they may not be sufficient to sustain communities’ way of life in the long term. For instance, in Fiji and Kiribati, freshwater and food are projected to become even scarcer in the future, rendering individual adaptations ineffective. Moreover, individuals can sometimes engage in behaviour that may be maladaptive over larger spatio-temporal scales. For example, in the Philippines, many islanders adapt to flooding by elevating their floors using coral stone Laurice Jamero . Over time, this can harm the survivability of their community, as coral reefs are critical for reducing flood vulnerability Ferrario . In Maharashtra, India, on-farm ponds are promoted as rainwater harvesting structures to adapt to dry spells during the monsoon season. However, some individuals fill these ponds with groundwater, leading to depletion of water tables and potentially maladaptive outcomes in the long run . People are more prone to act on climate change when individual benefits of actions exceed costs For this reason, people generally prefer adoption of energy-efficient appliances above energy-consumption reductions; the latter is perceived as more costly although transaction costs can inhibit the uptake of mitigation technology . Decentralized renewable energy systems are evaluated most
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