rolled out in regions with less developed insurance markets Akter , Jensen and Barrett. There is medium evidence and medium champion chelsea football club mason mount shirt agreement on the feasibility of insurance for adaptation, with financial, social, and institutional barriers to implementation and uptake, especially in low-income nations García Romero and Molina,
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Maynard generally, on capitalism, on corporatism, countercyclical policy, decline in influence of, Galbraith and, on income inequality, climate change and, debt problems of, as exposed state, grain production, oil imported by, political and economic malaise of, post World War II reconstruction and growth of, , reduced role multinational companies, , , mutually assured destruction, Myanmar, Chinese companies in, nanotechnology, Napoleon I, emperor of France, Napoleonic Wars, National Committee on U.S. There is growing recognition of the need for transformational adaptation within the agricultural sector but limited evidence on how to facilitate processes of deep, systemic change Dowd . Case studies demonstrate that transformational adaptation in agriculture requires a sequencing and overlap between incremental and transformational adaptation actions , incremental improvements to crop management while new crop varieties are being researched and field-tested Rippke . Broader considerations include champion chelsea football club mason mount shirt addressing stakeholder values and attitudes Fleming , a, understanding and leveraging the role of social capital, collaborative networks, and information Dowd , and being inclusive with rural and urban communities, and the social, political, and cultural environment . Transformational adaptation in agriculture systems could have significant economic and institutional costs , along with potential unintended negative consequences Davidsonand a need to focus on the transitional space between incremental and transformational adaptation Hadarits , as well as the timing of the shift from one to the other . For land and ecosystem transitions, the options of conservation regional cooperation , through the Arctic Council, Forbis Jr and Hayhoe, see Section … Communities, many with indigenous roots, have adapted to environmental change, developing or shifting harvesting activities and patterns of travel and transitioning economic systems For Pearce , although emotional and psychological effects have been documented Cunsolo Willox , Cunsolo and Ellis. Besides climate change Keskitalo , Loring , economic and social conditions can constrain the capacity to adapt unless resources and cooperation are available from public and private sector actors see the cumulative economic impacts of climate change on public infrastructure are projected at . billion USD to . billion USD from to , with adaptation efforts halving these estimates Melvin . Marginalization, colonization, and land dispossession provide broader underlying challenges facing many communities across the circumpolar north in adapting to change
.. The Arctic is undergoing the most rapid climate change globally Larsen , warming by . over the last years Walsh, Grosse . For of global warming relative to pre-industrial levels, chances of an ice-free Arctic during summer are substantially higher than at . see Chapter , Sections .. and ., with permafrost melt, increased instances of storm surge, and extreme weather events anticipated along with later ice freeze up, earlier break up, and a longer ice-free open water season Bring. Negative impacts on health, infrastructure, and economic sectors are projected, although the extension of the summer ocean-shipping season has potential economic opportunities Ford Risks associated with . may increase the demand for options that share and spread financial burdens. Formal, market-based insurance spreads risk and provides a financial buffer against the impacts of climate hazards Linnerooth-Bayer and Hochrainer-Stigler, Wolfrom and Yokoi-Arai, O’Hare , Glaas , Patel . As an alternative to traditional indemnity-based insurance, index-based micro-crop and livestock insurance programmes have been
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