the earlier the breakup, the poorer the condition of the bears. The trend toward earlier breakup was also correlated with rising bob saget 50 years thank you for memories signature shirt spring air temperatures over the study area from to . We suggest that the proximate cause of the decline in physical and reproductive parameters of polar bears in western Hudson Bay over
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deficiency, and billion adults are overweight or obese. The food system is under pressure from non-climate stressors , population and income growth, demand for animal-sourced products, and from climate change. These climate and non-climate stresses are impacting the four pillars of food security . In general, an analysis of spring migration to northern Europe shows that many species have advanced their date of arrival Leihonen . Additionally, delayed departures from breeding grounds in the fall and early returns from wintering grounds in the spring of at least species in Central Europe have recently been linked to climate change . Formerly sedentary populations have become partially migratory, or fully migratory species or populations have become partially migratory or sedentary. Berthold suggests that these rapid changes in behaviour stem from population-specific traits that are quickly passed on to future generations in response to environmental change. This chapter discusses the bowhead whale, members of the family Balaenidae that live most of the year associated with sea ice in northern latitudes. Bowheads have never occurred in the Southern Hemisphere. Bowheads are readily identifiable by their large size, rotund shape, lack of a dorsal fin, dark color, white chins, bob saget 50 years thank you for memories signature shirt triangular head , and neck . They are predominantly black, but most have characteristic white patterns on their chins, undersides, around their tail stocks, and on their flukes. These patterns distinguish them from the similar appearing right whales Eubalaena spp. and are unique to each individual. The white portions of the pattern around the tail and on the flukes increase in extent with age. Most bowheads accumulate distinctive, permanent marks on their backs, perhaps resulting from contact with sea ice or the sea floor when feeding. These huge marine mammals are among the largest animals on earth, weighing up to tons. Males grow to m in length and females m, perhaps as long as m. Their flukes are m across. The head constitutes over a third of the bulk of the body, and the baleen may reach lengths of m no other whale has baleen longer than . m with plates on each side of the mouth, making the capacious mouth quite possibly the largest of any animal ever. To insulate them from the icy water, bowheads are wrapped in blubber . cm thick covered by an epidermis up to . cm thick.
This combination of blubber and skin is the thickest of any whale species. This chapter examines the characteristics, taxonomy, distribution, and behavior of the ribbon seal, which is one of the least well known of all the world’s pinnipeds. The species has been placed in the genus Phoca based on cranial morphology but molecular studies indicate that ribbon seals belong in the separate genus, Histriophoca. Pups are born with a long, white pelage called lanugo, and for the first year after the lanugo is shed their coat is silver-gray with a dark blue-black back. Older seals have a dark background with a set of light bands encircling the head, the posterior trunk, and each front flipper. The distribution of ribbon seals is restricted to the northern North Pacific Ocean, where they are seen most commonly in the Okhotsk and Bering seas. The ribbon seal is considered to be a pagophilic ice-loving species, and sea ice provides them an essential platform that is used for pupping, nursing their pups, and molting. Compared with other seals, the eyes of ribbon seals are quite large. However, they seem to have poor vision in air so this may be an adaptation for improved eyesight under water. Ribbon seals have not been the subjects of detailed physiological studies that have recently been done on many other pinnipeds. Some studies of respiratory physiology and blood parameters suggest adaptations for a pelagic existence and deep diving. They are infrequently caught incidental to commercial fishing operations in Alaska and on the high seas. From through , the condition of adult male and female polar bears has declined significantly in western Hudson Bay, as have natality and the proportion of yearling cubs caught during the open water period that were independent at the time of capture. Over this same period, the breakup of the sea ice on western Hudson Bay has been occurring earlier. There was a significant positive relationship between the time of breakup and the condition of adult females
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