Froud , and actors with restricted access to capital . cities, local authorities, SMEs and households. The 27 years of 1994 2021 friends tv show signatures shirt redirection of savings towards low-emission investments may be constrained by enforceable carbon prices, implementation of technical standards and the
27 years of 1994 2021 friends tv show signatures shirt
percentages performance and the blind men and the elephant in education in health care performance indicators in recycling in road safety physicians. Thomas F. Stocker called climate change “the greatest challenge of our time.” Are Obama and these other commentators correct? Is climate change the most important cause in the world today a greater global priority than extreme poverty? How could we decide? A lot of people have asked these questions. Though foundations and social entrepreneurs often talk about trying to maximize their impact, they normally just focus on maximizing their impact within the cause or causes that they’re personally passionate about , rather than thinking strategically about which causes they should focus on. 27 years of 1994 2021 friends tv show signatures shirt Because irreversibility is such a unique and consequential fact about climate change, the world’s leading climate scientists took extra measures to emphasize the issue in the most recent international assessment of climate science by the U.N. Operationalizing adaptation in a set of regional environments on pathways to a . world requires strengthened global and differentiated regional and local capacities. It also needs rapid and decisive adaptation actions to reduce the costs and magnitude of potential climate impacts Vergara .
A three-step process of independent validation and discussion by authors was undertaken to make this assessment as robust as possible within the scope of this Special Report. It must, however, be recognized that this is an indicative assessment at global scale, and both policy and implementation at regional, national and local level would need to adapt and build on this knowledge, within the particular local context and constraints. Some contextual factors are indicated in the rightmost column in Tables . and .. These financial innovations may involve non-state public actors like cities and regional public authorities that govern infrastructure investment, enable energy and food systems transitions and manage urban dynamics . They would help, for example, in raising the . . trillion USD yr− from to announced by the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance to achieve the commitments by the Covenant of Mayors of many cities to long-term climate targets Kona . Means of raising resources for adaptation, achieving the SDGs and meeting basic needs Durand , Roberts , include the reduction of fossil fuel subsidies Jakob , increasing revenues from carbon taxes Jakob , levies on international aviation and maritime transport, and sharing of the proceeds of financial arrangements supporting mitigation activities Keen . Each have different redistribution implications. Challenges, however, include the efficient use of resources, the emergence of long-term assets using infrastructure as collateral and the capacity to implement small-scale adaptation and the mainstreaming of adaptation in overall development policies. There is thus a need for greater policy coordination that includes robust mechanisms for tracking, reporting and ensuring transparency of adaptation finance and its consistency with the provision of basic needs Hallegatte . The readiness of financial actors to reduce investments in fossil fuels is a real trend but they may not resist the attractiveness of carbon-intensive investments in many regions. Hence, decarbonizing an investment portfolio is not synonymous with investing massively in low-emission infrastructure. Scaling up climate-friendly financial products may depend upon a business context conducive to the reduction of the risk-weighted capital costs of low-emission projects. The typical leverage of public funding mechanisms for low-emission investment is low compared with other sectors Maclean , Ward , MDB. This is due to the interplay of the uncertainty of emerging low-emission technologies in the midst of their learning-by-doing cycle with uncertain future revenues due to volatility of fossil fuel prices Roques , Gross , as well as uncertainty around regulatory policies. This inhibits low-emission investments by corporations functioning under a ‘shareholder value business regime’ Berle and Means, Roe,
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