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These commenters highlighted what they thought-about to be key uncertainties in decoding these research, together with uncertainties because of the potential for confounding by co-pollution, aeroallergens, or the vintage cartoon colorful all over printed hawaiian shirt presence of higher respiratory infections; and uncertainties in the interpretation of zero-day lag fashions. Some commenters asserted that the

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the Administrator placed the greatest emphasis on the outcomes of managed human exposure research and on quantitative analyses based mostly on data from these studies, and less weight on mortality and morbidity danger assessments primarily based on data from epidemiology research. The EPA obtained a variety of feedback on its consideration of epidemiology-based risks, with some commenters expressing help for the vintage cartoon colorful all over printed hawaiian shirt Agency’s strategy and others expressing opposition. Some commenters moreover asserted that the HREA does not appropriately characterize the uncertainty in risk estimates for O3-induced lung function decrements. Commenters identified that there’s statistical uncertainty in mannequin coefficients that is not accounted for in risk estimates. One commenter introduced an analysis of this uncertainty, and concluded that there is considerable overlap between danger estimates for normal ranges of 75, 70, and sixty five ppb, undercutting the confidence in estimated danger reductions for standard ranges beneath 75 ppb. The EPA agrees that an essential supply of uncertainty is the method to estimating the risk of FEV1 decrements in kids and in children with bronchial asthma primarily based on data from healthy adults. However, this issue is mentioned at length within the HREA and the PA, and was thought of fastidiously by CASAC in its review of draft variations of these documents.

The conclusions of the HREA and PA, and the advice of CASAC, had been mirrored within the Administrator’s interpretation of FEV1 risk estimates within the proposal, as described below. Commenters haven’t provided further info that modifications the EPA’s views on this problem. Given all of the above, the EPA does not agree with commenters who claimed that the time-location-exercise diaries utilized by APEX are out-of-date, and end in overestimates of exposures of concern. In contemplating these feedback, the EPA first notes that as discussed in the HREA, PA, and the proposal, there are elements of the publicity evaluation that, considered by themselves, can result in either overestimates or underestimates of the incidence of O3 exposures of concern. Commenters tended to focus on the features of the assessment that supported their positions, including aspects that had been mentioned in the HREA and/or the PA and that have been thought of by CASAC. In contrast, commenters tended to disregard the aspects of the assessment that did not help their positions. The EPA has rigorously described and assessed the significance of the various uncertainties in the publicity evaluation, noting that, in most situations, the uncertainties might end in either overestimates or underestimates of exposures and that the magnitudes of the impacts on publicity outcomes have been either “low,” “low to moderate,” or “average” . Other potential uncertainties highlighted by commenters have been evaluated less regularly. However, we note that Strickland did think about the potential for pollen to confound the affiliation between ambient O3 and emergency department visits. While quantitative outcomes were not presented, the authors reported that “estimates for associations between ambient air pollutant concentrations and pediatric asthma emergency division visits have been related no matter whether pollen concentrations were included within the model as covariates” This suggests a limited influence of aeroallergens on O3 associations with asthma-associated emergency division visits and hospital admissions. As half of a bigger set of comments criticizing the EPA’s interpretation of the proof from time sequence epidemiologic studies, some commenters objected to the EPA’s reliance on the studies by Strickland , Silverman and Ito , and Mar and Koenig .

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