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On such an account, citizens in receipt of services are conceived as resources of value to, blue moon beer crocband clog and collaborators in animating, the system, rather than as mere beneficiaries of it.

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shift from fixers who focus on problems to enablers who focus on abilities. Their job is to re-define the client or patient before them, not according to their needs but according to their abilities, blue moon beer crocband clog and to encourage them to put those abilities to work. This role is not recognised or rewarded within the management structures that are currently in place. From what is emerging in the public policy literature, and the reported outcomes of both pilot and ongoing initiatives, the case for co-production is compelling. It embodies and promotes democratic principles; it maximises the inputs from expert and lay sources; it builds capacity and trust; it has proven strategically efficacious in policy areas that involve behavioural change at both societal and individual levels. Because co-production entails a different division of power between public service agencies,

private sector entities, civil society actors and citizens, questions of governance are especially important. New forms of accountability are required, and must be made robust through governance arrangements that are suited to non-hierarchical, networked collaborations. To the extent that ‘public administrations are vehicles for expressing the values and preferences of citizens, communities and societies’ co-production seems to be an eminently suitable concept for guiding reforms in public administration. The term ‘co-production’ was coined in the 1970s by American political scientist Elinor Ostrom. It was promoted through the UK Institute for Public Policy Research during the 1980s, and developed and deepened during the mid-1990s by the American lawyer, activist and inventor of Timebanks, Dr Edgar Cahn. Co-production essentially redefines the relationship between public service professionals and citizens from one of dependency to mutuality and reciprocity.